I'm Just a Poe Boy From a Poe Family

American author and literary critic (1809–1849)

Edgar Allan Poe
1849 "Annie" daguerreotype of Poe
Born	Edgar Poe (1809-01-nineteen)January 19, 1809 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	October 7, 1849(1849-10-07) (aged 40) Baltimore, Maryland, U.South.
Alma mater	University of Virginia United States Military Academy
Spouse	Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (m. 1836; died 1847)
Signature

Edgar Allan Poe (; built-in Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – Oct 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and curt stories, peculiarly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States, and of American literature. Poe was one of the country'south earliest practitioners of the brusk story, and considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre, too as a significant contributor to the emerging genre of scientific discipline fiction.^[1] Poe was the kickoff well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.^[2]

Poe was built-in in Boston, the 2nd child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[3] His father abased the family unit in 1810, and when his mother died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he was with them well into young adulthood. He attended the Academy of Virginia merely left after a year due to lack of money. He quarreled with Allan over the funds for his pedagogy, and his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army nether an assumed name, he published his offset drove Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited but to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement later the death of Allan's wife in 1829. Poe after failed as an officer cadet at West Point, alleged a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and parted ways with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his ain style of literary criticism. His piece of work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In 1836, he married his 13-twelvemonth-quondam cousin, Virginia Clemm, merely she died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his verse form "The Raven" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his ain journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at historic period xl, nether mysterious circumstances. The cause of his decease remains unknown, and has been variously attributed to many causes including affliction, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.^[4]

Poe and his works influenced literature around the world, besides every bit specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. He and his work appear throughout pop culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an almanac award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished piece of work in the mystery genre.

Early life

Plaque in Boston marking the estimate location of Poe'southward nascency

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January xix, 1809, the second child of English language-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Jr. He had an elder brother named William Henry Leonard Poe and a younger sister named Rosalie Poe.^[5] Their grandfather, David Poe Sr., emigrated from Canton Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.^[6] Edgar may have been named later on a character in William Shakespeare'south King Lear, which the couple were performing in 1809.^[seven] His father abandoned the family in 1810,^[viii] and his female parent died a year later from consumption (pulmonary tuberculosis). Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.^[9] The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",^[10] though they never formally adopted him.^[11]

The Allan family had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.^[x] The family unit sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe attended the grammer schoolhouse for a brusk menstruum in Irvine, Northward Ayrshire, Scotland (where Allan was born) before rejoining the family in London in 1816. At that place he studied at a boarding schoolhouse in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Manor Business firm School at Stoke Newington, and so a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.^[12]

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.^[13] In March 1825, Allan'south uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to exist one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,^[14] leaving Allan several acres of existent estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $17,000,000 in 2020).^[15] By summertime 1825, Allan historic his expansive wealth past purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.^[16]

Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the Academy of Virginia in Feb 1826 to study aboriginal and modern languages.^[17] ^[xviii] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson. It had strict rules confronting gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were more often than not ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of educatee self-authorities, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and study all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was nonetheless in chaos, and there was a high dropout charge per unit.^[19] During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and besides became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had non given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional coin and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.^[20] Poe gave upward on the academy later a year but did non experience welcome returning to Richmond, particularly when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another man, Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper author,^[21] and he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.^[22]

Armed forces career

Poe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the United states Regular army every bit a private on May 27, 1827, using the proper name "Edgar A. Perry". He claimed that he was 22 years old fifty-fifty though he was 18.^[23] He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for v dollars a month.^[21] That same year, he released his first book, a forty-page collection of poesy titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the volume received virtually no attention.^[24] Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, and traveled past ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery, and had his monthly pay doubled.^[25] He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve); he then sought to cease his v-year enlistment early. Poe revealed his real proper noun and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who would only let Poe to be discharged if he reconciled with Allan. Poe wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas; Allan may non take written to Poe even to brand him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the mean solar day after her burial. Mayhap softened by his wife'due south death, Allan agreed to back up Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an engagement to the United States Military machine Academy at Due west Point, New York.^[26]

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, afterwards securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him.^[27] Earlier entering Westward Betoken, he moved back to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her girl Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's kickoff cousin), his blood brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.^[28] In September of that year, Poe received "the very get-go words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"^[29] in a review of his poetry past influential critic John Neal, prompting Poe to dedicate ane of the poems to Neal^[30] in his 2nd book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Pocket-size Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.^[31]

Poe traveled to Due west Point and matriculated every bit a cadet on July 1, 1830.^[32] In October 1830, Allan married his 2d married woman Louisa Patterson.^[33] The marriage and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster male parent finally disowning Poe.^[34] Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting courtroom-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. He tactically pleaded not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing that he would be found guilty.^[35]

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The volume was financed with aid from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses like to the satirical ones that Poe had been writing virtually commanding officers.^[36] It was printed by Elam Elation of New York, labeled every bit "2d Edition," and including a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" only also six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The Urban center in the Sea".^[37] Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder blood brother Henry had been in sick wellness, in role due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on Baronial 1, 1831.^[38]

Publishing career

After his brother's decease, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer, but he chose a hard fourth dimension in American publishing to practise so.^[39] He was one of the outset Americans to live by writing solitary^[two] ^[xl] and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law.^[41] American publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.^[40] The industry was also particularly injure past the Panic of 1837.^[42] There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in role by new technology, merely many did not last beyond a few issues.^[43] Publishers ofttimes refused to pay their writers or paid them much afterward than they promised,^[44] and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.^[45]

Poe (age 26) obtained a license in 1835 to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm (historic period xiii). They were married for 11 years until her death, which may have inspired some of his writing.

After his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose, likely based on John Neal'due south critiques in The Yankee magazine.^[46] He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama Politian. The Baltimore Sat Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in a Bottle".^[47] The story brought him to the attending of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable ways who helped Poe place some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas Westward. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835,^[48] merely White discharged him within a few weeks for existence drunk on the job.^[49] Poe returned to Baltimore where he obtained a license to ally his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were married at that time.^[l] He was 26 and she was 13.

Poe was reinstated by White subsequently promising good behavior, and he went back to Richmond with Virginia and her female parent. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.^[5] He published several poems, volume reviews, critiques, and stories in the newspaper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding anniversary performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding firm, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm'south age equally 21.^[l] ^[51]

Poe'south novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838.^[52] In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman'southward Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger. As well in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though he made little coin from it and it received mixed reviews.^[53]

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal called The Stylus,^[54] although he originally intended to call information technology The Penn, as information technology would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertizing space for his prospectus in the June 6, 1840 upshot of Philadelphia'south Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Mag, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia past Edgar A. Poe." ^[55] The journal was never produced before Poe'due south death.

Poe left Burton'due south after about a year and plant a position every bit author and co-editor at the and then-very-successful monthly Graham'south Magazine.^[56] In the last number of Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial annotation of celebration of the tremendous success that mag had accomplished in the past year: "Possibly the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat downwardly, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more than satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increment during so short a period."^[57]

Around this fourth dimension, Poe attempted to secure a position within the administration of President John Tyler, claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party.^[58] He hoped to exist appointed to the United States Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler's son Robert,^[59] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.^[60] Poe failed to show upwards for a coming together with Thomas to talk over the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.^[61] Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were filled by others.^[62]

Ane evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the outset signs of consumption, now known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her throat.^[63] She only partially recovered, and Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of her illness. He left Graham'due south and attempted to find a new position, for a time fishing for a government mail. He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror earlier becoming editor of the Broadway Journal, and subsequently its owner.^[64] There Poe alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.^[65] On Jan 29, 1845, his poem "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular awareness. Information technology made Poe a household name near instantly,^[66] though he was paid merely $9 for its publication.^[67] Information technology was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Periodical under the pseudonym "Quarles".^[68]

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846,^[64] and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in what is now the Bronx. That dwelling house is now known as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, relocated to a park near the southeast corner of the Thousand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John'south College, now Fordham Academy.^[69] Virginia died at the cottage on January thirty, 1847.^[lxx] Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "decease of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his married woman.^[71]

Poe was increasingly unstable later his wife'south death. He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman who lived in Providence, Rhode Isle. Their appointment failed, purportedly because of Poe'southward drinking and erratic beliefs. There is as well potent evidence that Whitman'southward mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship.^[72] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his babyhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.^[73]

Death

On Oct iii, 1849, Poe was found febrile on the streets of Baltimore, "in slap-up distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", co-ordinate to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.^[74] He was taken to the Washington Medical Higher, where he died on Lord's day, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the forenoon.^[75] Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though information technology is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say that Poe's last words were, "Lord help my poor soul".^[75] All medical records have been lost, including Poe'south expiry certificate.^[76]

Newspapers at the time reported Poe's expiry as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.^[77] The actual crusade of death remains a mystery.^[78] Speculation has included delirium tremens, centre disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,^[4] cholera,^[79] carbon monoxide poisoning,^[80] and rabies.^[81] One theory dating from 1872 suggests that cooping was the crusade of Poe'southward death, a form of balloter fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.^[82]

Griswold'southward "Memoir"

Immediately after Poe'southward expiry, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast him as a lunatic and a madman, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".^[83]

The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig" on the day that Poe was cached. It was soon farther published throughout the land. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the twenty-four hour period earlier yesterday. This announcement will startle many, simply few will be grieved past it."^[84] "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe'south literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation afterwards his death.^[85]

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Writer", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. At that place he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman and included Poe's letters as evidence.^[85] Many of his claims were either lies or distortions; for example, it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict.^[86] Griswold'south book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,^[87] including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is not to exist bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety".^[88] Griswold's book however became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part considering it was the merely full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in office because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" homo.^[89] Messages that Griswold presented as proof were after revealed as forgeries.^[90]

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe'southward best known fiction works are Gothic,^[91] adhering to the genre's conventions to appeal to the public sense of taste.^[92] His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.^[93] Many of his works are by and large considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism^[94] which Poe strongly disliked.^[95] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on Boston Common,^[96] ^[97] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"^[98] lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism'south sake".^[95] Poe in one case wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did non dislike transcendentalists, "but the pretenders and sophists among them".^[99]

Beyond horror, Poe as well wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.^[92] "Metzengerstein" is the commencement story that Poe is known to have published^[100] and his beginning foray into horror, but information technology was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.^[101] Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Airship-Hoax".^[102]

Poe wrote much of his work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market tastes.^[103] To that end, his fiction often included elements of pop pseudosciences, such every bit phrenology^[104] and physiognomy.^[105]

Literary theory

Poe'southward writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as "The Poetic Principle".^[106] He disliked didacticism^[107] and allegory,^[108] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent but below the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.^[109] He believed that piece of work of quality should be cursory and focus on a specific single effect.^[106] To that end, he believed that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and thought.^[110]

Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to take strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he really followed this system, however. T. S. Eliot said: "It is difficult for united states of america to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a trivial more than pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."^[111] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious practise in the art of rationalization".^[112]

Legacy

Influence

During his lifetime, Poe was generally recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the well-nigh discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acrid instead of ink.^[113] Poe'due south caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".^[114] A favorite target of Poe's criticism was Boston'due south acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was often dedicated by his literary friends in what was later on called "The Longfellow War". Poe defendant Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.^[115] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, last, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Futurity".^[116]

Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became 1 of the beginning American authors of the 19th century to become more than pop in Europe than in the Usa.^[117] Poe is particularly respected in France, in role due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire'south translations became definitive renditions of Poe's piece of work in Continental Europe.^[118]

Poe'due south early on detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the background for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe'southward detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"^[119] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".^[120] Poe'south work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, likewise known every bit The Sphinx of the Water ice Fields.^[121] Science fiction author H. One thousand. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine well-nigh the south polar region a century ago".^[122] In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym every bit i of the greatest novels ever written in the English, and noted its influence on afterwards authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.^[123]

Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire department of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on the genre. In his messages, Lovecraft stated, "When I write stories, Edgar Allan Poe is my model."^[124] Alfred Hitchcock once said, "It'south because I liked Edgar Allan Poe'southward stories so much that I began to make suspense films".^[125]

Similar many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned imitators.^[126] One trend amongst imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe'southward spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions past Poe'south spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.^[127]

Poe, in a modern retouched version of the "Ultima Thule" daguerreotype

All the same, Poe has likewise received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.^[117] William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once chosen him "vulgar".^[128] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I run into nothing in it",^[129] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".^[130] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe'southward writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "also poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond band on every finger.^[131]

It is believed that merely twelve copies take survived of Poe's first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In Dec 2009, i re-create sold at Christie'southward auctioneers in New York Metropolis for $662,500, a tape price paid for a piece of work of American literature.^[132]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Large Bang theory by eighty years,^[133] ^[134] as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.^[135] ^[136] Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.^[137] For this reason, he considered it a work of fine art, not science,^[137] but insisted that it was still true^[138] and considered it to exist his career masterpiece.^[139] However, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe'south suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.^[140]

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in cryptography. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.^[141] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham'south Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gilt-Bug" incorporating ciphers equally an essential part of the story.^[142] Poe's success with cryptography relied not then much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was express to the simple substitution cryptogram) as on his noesis of the magazine and paper culture. His peachy analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple commutation cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.^[141] The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.^[143]

Two ciphers he published in 1841 nether the proper name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other is probably based on a poem by Hester Thrale.^[144] ^[145]

Poe had an influence on cryptography across increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America'south foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.^[146] Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an involvement that he later put to employ in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World State of war II.^[147]

In popular culture

Equally a character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often representing the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggles.^[148] Many such depictions as well blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.^[149] Oft, fictional depictions of Poe utilize his mystery-solving skills in such novels equally The Poe Shadow past Matthew Pearl.^[150]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

No childhood home of Poe is all the same standing, including the Allan family'south Moldavia manor. The oldest continuing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in apply as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived at that place. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and besides features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to take used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826; information technology is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known every bit the Raven Society.^[151]

The primeval surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (likewise as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe).^[152] It is open to the public and is as well the habitation of the Edgar Allan Poe Lodge. Of the several homes that Poe, his married woman Virginia, and his mother-in-police force Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the last firm has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the writer lived in 1843–1844, is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.^[153] Poe's final dwelling is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx.^[seventy]

In Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe'southward birth.^[154] ^[155] ^[156] ^[157] The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; as well, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".^[158] ^[157] A "foursquare" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,^[159] just it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks due north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Foursquare".^[160]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for structure of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The winning design past Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied past a flying raven; his suitcase hat has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk backside him.^[161] ^[162] ^[163] The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended past quondam U.S. poet laureate Robert Pinsky.^[164]

Other Poe landmarks include a edifice on the Upper West Side where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. On Sullivan's Island in Charleston, Due south Carolina, the setting of Poe's tale "The Aureate-Bug" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a eating place called Poe's Tavern. In Barbarous'southward Point, Baltimore, a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was terminal seen drinking earlier his death. Now known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they phone call "Edgar" haunts the rooms to a higher place.^[165]

Photographs

Early on daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse great involvement among literary historians.^[166] Notable amidst them are:

"Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to accolade the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester
"Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie 50. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Betwixt 1949 and 2009, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe'southward original grave marker every Jan nineteen past an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried, and he claimed on August fifteen, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to heighten money and heighten the contour of the church. His story has not been confirmed,^[167] and some details which he gave to the printing are factually inaccurate.^[168] The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the solar day of Poe's bicentennial.^[169]

Listing of selected works

Short stories

"The Black Cat"
"The Cask of Amontillado"
"A Descent into the Maelström"
"The Facts in the Case of K. Valdemar"
"The Autumn of the House of Usher"
"The Golden-Issues"
"Hop-Frog"
"The Imp of the Perverse"
"Ligeia"
"The Masque of the Red Decease"
"Morella"
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head"
"The Oval Portrait"
"The Pit and the Pendulum"
"The Premature Burial"
"The Purloined Letter of the alphabet"
"The System of Doc Tarr and Professor Fether"
"The Tell-Tale Heart"
"Loss of Breath"

Verse

"Al Aaraaf"
"Annabel Lee"
"The Bells"
"The City in the Sea"
"The Conqueror Worm"
"A Dream Within a Dream"
"Eldorado"
"Eulalie"
"The Haunted Palace"
"To Helen"
"Lenore"
"Tamerlane"
"The Raven"
"Ulalume"

Other works

Politian (1835) – Poe'due south only play
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) – Poe's simply complete novel
The Periodical of Julius Rodman (1840) – Poe'south second, unfinished novel
"The Airship-Hoax" (1844) – A journalistic hoax printed as a truthful story
"The Philosophy of Composition" (1846) – Essay
Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848) – Essay
"The Poetic Principle" (1848) – Essay
"The Calorie-free-Business firm" (1849) – Poe's concluding, incomplete piece of work

Run into also

Edgar Allan Poe and music
Edgar Allan Poe in television and motion picture
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
Listing of coupled cousins
USS E.A. Poe (Nine-103)

References

Citations

^ Stableford 2003, pp. 18–19.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 138
^ Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). Edgar Allan Poe'due south Richmond : the Raven in the River Metropolis. Charleston [SC]: History Press. p. 15. ISBN978-i-60949-607-4. OCLC 779472206.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 256
^ ^a ^b Allen 1927
^ Quinn 1998, p. 13.
^ Nelson 1981, p. 65.
^ Canada 1997.
^ Meyers 1992, p. viii.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 9
^ Quinn 1998, p. 61.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. sixteen–18.
^ PoeMuseum.org 2006.
^ Meyers 1992, p. xx.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Alphabetize for Utilise equally a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Existent Money? A Historical Cost Index for Use equally a Deflator of Money Values in the Economic system of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January one, 2020.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 27–28.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 29–30.
^ University of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. 2nd Session, Commencing February 1st, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Relate Steam Book Press House, 1880, p. ten
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 21–22.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 32–34.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 32
^ Silverman 1991, p. 41.
^ Cornelius 2002, p. 13.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 33–34.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 35.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 43–47.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 38.
^ Cornelius 2002, pp. thirteen–fourteen.
^ Sears 1978, p. 114, quoting a alphabetic character from Poe to Neal.
^ Lease 1972, p. 130.
^ Sova 2001, p. 5.
^ Krutch 1926, p. 32.
^ Cornelius 2002, p. 14.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 54–55.
^ Hecker 2005, pp. 49–51.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. fifty–51.
^ Hecker 2005, pp. 53–54.
^ Quinn 1998, pp. 187–188.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 64.
^ ^a ^b Quinn 1998, p. 305
^ Silverman 1991, p. 247.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 74.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 99.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 82.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 139.
^ Lease 1972, p. 132.
^ Sova 2001, p. 162.
^ Sova 2001, p. 225.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 73.
^ ^a ^b Silverman 1991, p. 124
^ Meyers 1992, p. 85.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 137.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 113.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 119.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 159.
^ Sova 2001, pp. 39, 99.
^ Graham, George; Embury, Eastward.; Peterson, Charles; Stephens, A.; Poe, Edgar (December 1841). "The Closing Year". Graham's Magazine. Philadelphia, PA: George R. Graham. Retrieved Dec ii, 2020. Nosotros began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-5 thousand subscribers, and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has every bit withal seen only its dawning. (See folio 308 of .pdf)
^ Quinn 1998, pp. 321–322.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 186.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 144.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 187.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 188.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 179.
^ ^a ^b Sova 2001, p. 34
^ Quinn 1998, p. 455.
^ Hoffman 1998, p. 80.
^ Ostrom 1987, p. v.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 530.
^ Schroth, Raymond A. Fordham: A History and Memoir. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.
^ ^a ^b BronxHistoricalSociety.org 2007
^ Weekes 2002, p. 149.
^ Benton 1987, p. 19.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 628.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 638.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 255
^ Bramsback 1970, p. twoscore.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 435–436.
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^ CrimeLibrary.com 2008.
^ Geiling, Natasha. "The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved May three, 2021.
^ Benitez 1996.
^ Walsh 2000, pp. 32–33.
^ Van Luling, Todd (January 19, 2017). "A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught Yous Imitation News About Edgar Allan Poe". Huffington Post . Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 259: To read Griswold's total obituary, come across Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
^ ^a ^b Hoffman 1998, p. 14
^ Quinn 1998, p. 693.
^ Sova 2001, p. 101.
^ Charter 1972, p. 194, quoting Neal.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 263.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 699.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 64.
^ ^a ^b Royot 2002, p. 57
^ Kennedy 1987, p. 3.
^ Koster 2002, p. 336.
^ ^a ^b Ljunquist 2002, p. 15
^ Royot 2002, pp. 61–62.
^ "(Introduction)" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library). The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the Urban center of Boston. The Trustees of Boston Higher. March 31, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ Hayes 2002, p. 16.
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^ Fisher 1993, pp. 142, 149.
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^ Whalen 2001, p. 67.
^ Hungerford 1930, pp. 209–231.
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^ ^a ^b Krutch 1926, p. 225
^ Kagle 1990, p. 104.
^ Poe 1847, pp. 252–256.
^ Wilbur 1967, p. 99.
^ Jannaccone 1974, p. three.
^ Hoffman 1998, p. 76.
^ Krutch 1926, p. 98.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 432.
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^ Lewis, Paul (March 6, 2011). "Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe'due south case against the Boston literati". boston.com. Globe Newspaper Company. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved April nine, 2013.
^ "Longfellow's Serenity and Poe'south Prediction" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Capacity of Boston'southward Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July xxx, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 258
^ Harner 1990, p. 218.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 103.
^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 206.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 364.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 372.
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^ "H.P. Lovecraft's Favorite Authors". world wide web.hplovecraft.com . Retrieved December 3, 2019.
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^ Meyers 1992, p. 281.
^ Carlson 1996, p. 476.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 274.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 265.
^ New York Times 1894.
^ Huxley 1967, p. 32.
^ New York Daily News 2009.
^ Cappi 1994.
^ Rombeck 2005.
^ Harrison 1987.
^ Smoot & Davidson 1994.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 214
^ Silverman 1991, p. 399.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 219.
^ Sova 2001, p. 82.
^ ^a ^b Silverman 1991, p. 152
^ Rosenheim 1997, pp. 2, 6.
^ Friedman 1993, pp. 40–41.
^ "Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I notice that it previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4, 1840; and that information technology was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem ("Nuptial Repartee") that beginning appeared in the June 21, 1813, Morning Herald of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may exist the true author." From Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014: p. 111.
^ Donn, Jeff. "Poe'due south puzzle decoded, simply meaning is mystery". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved June ii, 2020.
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^ ^a ^b Glenn 2007
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External links

This audio file was created from a revision of this commodity dated 22 November 2008 (2008-11-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

rylandenalland1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe